Avaliação da presença de ácidos graxos trans e ácidos graxos saturados em bolachas recheadas e bolachas wafers produzidas no Brasil / Evaluation of the presence of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in stuffed cookies and wafers cookies produced in Brazil

Diversas evidências científicas demonstram que o consumo de ácidos graxos trans está associado com mortes por doenças cardiovasculares. A OMS, em 2018, considerando a presença de ácidos graxos trans nos alimentos recomendou a sua total eliminação até o ano de 2023. Sendo assim, no Brasil, em 2019, a RDC 332 aborda que a partir de 01 de janeiro de 2023 estarão proibidas a produção e a importação de ácidos graxos trans em alimentos destinados ao consumo humano. Atualmente, a legislação que está em vigor sobre ácidos graxos trans é a RDC 54, da ANVISA, que estabelece que, somente os alimentos que apresentarem teores de ácidos graxos trans ≤ 0,1 g por porção e somatória de ácidos graxos saturados e ácidos graxos trans até 1,5 g por porção podem alegar zero trans na rotulagem nutricional. As bolachas recheadas e bolachas wafers são importantes representantes de alimentos ultraprocessados, sendo muito consumidas por adultos e principalmente por crianças pelo seu baixo custo e acessibilidade. A partir destas considerações, o objetivo desse estudo foi o de avaliar os teores de ácidos graxos trans e ácidos graxos saturados por cromatografia gasosa em bolachas recheadas e bolachas wafers, comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo, analisando os teores dos ácidos graxos e comparando com a RDC 54. Em 2018 e 2019, foram analisadas 65 bolachas recheadas, e 40 bolachas wafers, as bolachas foram divididas entre as que possuíam ácidos graxos trans nos rótulos, e as que possuíam a ausência dessa gordura. Os teores de ácidos graxos trans encontrados nas bolachas com a presença de ácidos graxos trans na rotulagem, variaram de 0,34 a 5,21 g por 100 g e 0,19 e 8,54 g por 100 g nas bolachas recheadas e nas bolachas wafers, respectivamente. Diante disso, constatou-se que algumas marcas de bolachas recheadas e bolachas wafers apresentaram grandes quantidades de gordura trans em sua composição. Em relação às bolachas recheadas e wafers com a ausência de gordura trans nos rótulos, todas as bolachas estavam em acordo com a legislação vigente em relação aos valores menores ou iguais a 0,1 g de gordura trans por porção, porém, em relação à somatória de ácidos graxos trans e ácidos graxos saturados de até 1,5 g por porção, todas estavam com valores superiores, dessa maneira, os fabricantes dessas bolachas não poderiam alegar zero trans na rotulagem nutricional, e por isto, estavam em desacordo com a legislação vigente. Em 2022, foram reanalisadas seis amostras de bolachas recheadas e quatro amostras de bolachas wafers, que em 2018 apresentaram altos teores de ácidos graxos trans. Também foram analisadas três bolachas wafers que em 2022 ainda apresentavam altos teores de gorduras trans nos rótulos. Os resultados dessas amostras demonstraram que em 2022 ainda há em supermercados brasileiros, bolachas com altos teores de ácidos graxos trans e ácidos graxos saturados em sua composição. Diante disso, ratifica-se a necessidade do cumprimento da legislação vigente e da RDC 332 em 2023 e de fiscalizações mais frequentes pelos órgãos competentes, devido aos malefícios do consumo dos ácidos graxos trans para a saúde da população

There is a lot of scientific evidence showing that consumption of trans fatty acids is associated with deaths from cardiovascular diseases. The WHO in 2018, considering the presence of trans fatty acids in foods, recommended their total elimination by the year 2023. Therefore, in Brazil in 2019, RDC 332 addresses that from January 1, 2023, the production and the importation of trans fatty acids in foods intended for human consumption are prohibited. Currently, the legislation in force on trans fatty acids is ANVISA's RDC 54, this RDC establishes that only foods that have trans fatty acids contents ≤ 0.1 g per serving and the sum of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids up to 1.5 g per serving can claim zero trans on nutrition labels. Stuffed cookies and wafer cookies are important representatives of ultra-processed foods, being widely consumed by adults and especially children due to their low cost and accessibility. Based on these considerations, the objective of this study was to evaluate the contents of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids by gas chromatography (AOAC method 996.06) in stuffed cookies and wafers cookies, commercialized in the State of São Paulo, analyzing the contents of the fatty acids and comparing with RDC 54. In 2018 and 2019, 65 stuffed cookies and 40 wafers cookies were analyzed, the cookies were divided between those that had trans fatty acids on the labels, and those that had the absence of this fat. The levels of trans fatty acids found in the cookies with the presence of trans fatty acids on the label ranged from 0.34 to 5.21 g per 100 g and 0.19 and 8.54 g per 100 g in the stuffed cookies and wafers cookies, respectively. Therefore, it was found that some brands of stuffed cookies and wafers cookies had large amounts of trans fat in their composition. Regarding the stuffed cookies and wafers cookies with the absence of trans fat on the labels, all cookies were in accordance with current legislation in relation to values less than or equal to 0.1 g of trans fat per serving, but in relation to the sum of acids trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids up to 1.5 g per serving, all had higher values, thus, the manufacturers of these cookies could not claim zero trans on the nutrition label, and therefore, they were in disagreement with the current legislation. In 2022, six samples of stuffed cookies and four samples of wafers were reanalyzed, which in 2018 had high levels of trans fatty acids. Three wafers were also analyzed, which in 2022 still had high levels of trans fats on the labels. The results of these samples showed that in 2022 there are still cookies in brazilian supermarkets with high levels of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in their composition. In view of this, the need to comply with current legislation and RDC 332 in 2023 and more frequent inspections by competent institutions are ratified, due to the harmful effects of the consumption of trans fatty acids on the health of the population

Cluster analysis of child homicide in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: There has been an insufficient in-depth analysis of the nature and prevalence of the typologies of child homicide in Asia, particularly in South Korea. OBJECTIVE: In the current study, we sought to determine the prevalence and identify the heterogeneity of the child homicide phenomenon in South Korea. PARTICIPANT AND SETTINGS: All 341 original case files (i.e., hospital, police, and autopsy reports) of homicide incidents involving children aged 0-18 in 2016 were obtained from the forensic autopsy archives of the National Forensic Service (NFS), which handles 100 % of the medico-legal autopsies in South Korea. These were examined and reclassified based on our definition. METHOD: A cluster analysis using Gower's distance was applied, which has rarely been utilized in this field of research. By performing a qualitative analysis, we first extracted 70 (numerical, logical, categorical) crime, victim, perpetrator, and household relevant variables, which were later utilized in the cluster analysis. RESULTS: Among the 341 cases from 2016, 95 were judged to be at least suspicious child homicide cases. When applying the cluster analysis, eight sub-clusters were extracted: child torture, maternal filicide, neonaticide, death not related to previous abuse, paternal filicide, paternal infanticide, maternal infanticide, and psychotic killings. CONCLUSIONS: The commonality and the unique aspect of the child homicide phenomenon in South Korea, in comparison with the results from previous research from other countries, are discussed.

Avaliação do crescimento de micro-organismos fotossintetizantes em fotobiorreator tubular empregando nutrientes provenientes da vinhaça tratada / Evaluation of the growth of photosynthetic microorganisms in tubular photobioreactor using nutrients from treated vinasse

vinhaça é resultante da produção de álcool, após a fermentação do mosto e destilação do vinho. É um resíduo rico em nutrientes, principalmente matéria orgânica, nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. Para ser despejado em rios e lagos, esse efluente deve passar por tratamentos para remoção desses nutrientes, pois o excesso desses elementos nos corpos hídricos poderia levar a grandes problemas ambientais, de modo que tem sido utilizado em fertirrigação. Microorganismos fotossintetizantes absorvem nutrientes inorgânicos, podendo absorver nutrientes de águas residuais. Se for removida a parte orgânica da vinhaça, a fração inorgânica ou com baixa carga orgânica pode ser a base ou o próprio meio de cultivo destes micro-organismos, que absorvem gás carbônico e sua biomassa é de interesse industrial. Neste contexto, foi estudado o cultivo de Monoraphidium contortum e Synechocystis salina, oriundos de água de mangue, em frascos de Erlenmeyer e em fotobiorreatores tubulares por processo descontínuo, empregando a vinhaça proveniente do tratamento aeróbio (biológico), acoplada a processos físico-químicos, com diferentes diluições. As características físico-químicas das vinhaças tratadas foram avaliadas. Além disso, foram comparados os crescimentos celulares nas diferentes condições experimentais adotadas para o crescimento da microalga M. contortum e da cianobactéria S. salina na vinhaça tratada com e sem diluição. Em cultivos em frascos de Erlenmeyer, em meio proveniente de tratamento biológico, o crescimento celular não diferiu do cultivo em meio padrão, com diluições de 5 e 2 vezes da vinhaça tratada para M. contortum e S. salina, respectivamente. Em fotobiorreator tubular, independente do tratamento ser apenas biológico ou também com carvão ativado, as concentrações celulares máximas (Xm) de M. contortum e S. salina foram da ordem de 1,86x107 células mL-1 e 7,90x106 células mL-1, respectivamente, valores esses menores que os obtidos em meio padrão, com valores de Xm de 2,69x107 células mL-1 e 1,27x106 células mL-1 para M. contortum e S. salina, respectivamente. Em fotobiorreatores tubulares, os teores de mínimos de lipídios de M. contortum e S. salina foram de 33,4 % e 11,0 %, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, os teores mínimos de proteínas da microalga foram de 15,1 % e da cianobactéria foi de 23,2 %

The vinasse is the result of the production of alcohol after the fermentation of the mash and the distillation of the wine. It is a waste rich in nutrients, mainly organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. To be discharged into rivers and lakes, this effluent must be treated in order to remove nutrients, because the excess of these elements in water bodies can lead to major environmental problems, so that it has been used in fertigation. Photosynthetic microorganisms absorb inorganic nutrients and they can absorb nutrients from wastewater. If the organic fraction of vinasse is removed, the inorganic or low organic fraction may be the basis or a medium of cultivation of these microorganisms, which absorb carbon dioxide and its biomass is of industrial interest. In this context, Monoraphidium contortum and Synechocystis salina from mangrove water were cultivated in Erlenmeyer flasks and in tubular photobioreactors by batch process using vinasse from aerobic biological treatment, coupled to physicochemical treatments with different dilutions. The physicochemical characteristics of the treated vinasse were evaluated. In addition, cell growth was compared under different experimental conditions adopted for growth of microalgae M. contortum and cyanobacteria S. salina in vinasse treated with and without dilution. In Erlenmeyer flask cultivations, in medium from the biological treatment, the cell growth was not different of that one in standard medium cultivation, with dilutions of 5 and 2 times the vinasse treated for M. contortum and S. salina, respectively. In the tubular photobioreactor, irrespective if the treatment is only biological or also is carried out treatment with activated charcoal, they were obtained maximum cell concentrations (Xm) of M. contortum and S. salina of 1.86x107 cells mL-1 and 7.90x106 cells. mL-1 , respectively, lower than the standard, whose Xm values were 2.69x107 cells mL-1 and 1.27x106 cells mL-1 for M. contortum and S. salina, respectively. In tubular photobioreactors, the minimum lipid contents of M. contortum and S. salina were 33.4 % and 11.0 %, respectively. In addition, the minimum protein content of microalgae was 15.1 % and cyanobacterium was 23.2 %

[Diagnostics and initial estimation of refugee minors]. / Diagnostik und Ersteinschätzung bei minderjährigen Flüchtlingen.

The number of underage refugees arriving in Germany has rapidly increased since 2015. Many of these children and adolescents have been and still are, exposed to a large number of stressful circumstances. The group of those helping refugee minors is heterogeneous with both volunteers and professional workers from the fields of child welfare and healthcare services. Easily applicable instruments to assess both burdens and resources are needed in order to plan appropriate interventions. This paper focuses on instruments for assessing the circumstances of refugee minors and includes pilot data of an online-based screening instrument to assess burdens and resources (providing online resource and trauma assessment for refugees, PORTA). Field application was tested by the staff of a clearing and preclearing institution with 33 cases and good practical feasibility was reported. Applying a simple to use screening instrument for refugee minors and their helpers, which is available in several languages creates the possibility of a shared definition of problems and solutions and is beneficial to helpers (e.g. volunteers, youth welfare services and medical doctors) as well as refugee minors.

The importance of a minimum age law for the possibility of purchase of tobacco by adolescents: a study based on Swedish experiences.

AIMS: The purpose of the study is partly to compare the possibility of adolescents purchasing tobacco before and after the introduction of the minimum age law of 18 years, respectively, and partly to examine the factors that characterize the situations in which adolescents may or may not purchase tobacco, respectively. METHODS: Under controlled conditions, adolescents of varying ages carried out test purchases of tobacco. A total of 1,500 attempted purchases were made with the help of 24 adolescents in three regions of Sweden. In 1996, the year before a minimum-age law of 18 for tobacco purchases went into effect, 750 attempted purchases were made, followed by 750 attempted purchases in 1999. RESULTS: In 1996, 91% of the attempted purchases of tobacco were successful. In 1999, the corresponding proportion was 82%. The attempted purchases in 1996 and 1999 show a very strong relationship between whether an age check was made and the result of the attempted purchase. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the introduction of a minimum-age law apparently has had a certain effect on the possibility of adolescent purchasing tobacco but that there are obvious shortcomings in the enforcement of the minimum age. The most apparent shortcoming concerns the lack of age controls. This article discusses measures for strengthening age controls in the sale of tobacco to adolescents.